By rejecting all the means by which renewable electricity can be generated, such as wind farms, tidal barrages, hydro elcric dams etc, the UK has set a very dangerous courseThis article titled “Support wind farms? It would be less controversial to argue for blackouts” was written by George Monbiot, for The Guardian on Monday 30th May 2011 20.00 UTCWhy do those who oppose wind power insist on spoiling their case with gibberish? In his column on Friday, Simon Jenkins claimed that onshore windfarms were being planned “with no concern for cost”. But the only reason for building them is a concern for cost. If it weren’t for this issue, they would be the last option governments would choose – God knows they cause enough trouble.As the government’s Committee on Climate Change reports, large onshore windfarms are “already close to competitive” with burning natural gas, and are likely to get there by 2020. They are the cheapest renewable sources in this country by a long way. Offshore wind costs roughly twice as much, and its costs have been escalating. After attacking the high cost of wind power, Jenkins argued that we should instead invest in “sun and waves”. The committee shows that while the expected price of electricity from onshore wind in 2030 is between 7 and 8.5 pence per kilowatt hour, solar power is expected to come in at between 11 and 25p, and wave between 15 and 31p. Talk about no concern for cost!Incidentally, the cheapest low carbon option, the committee says, is nuclear power, at 5-10p. But, because of public objections, new plants are likely to be confined to existing sites, which means a maximum of about 20 gigawatts (a quarter of our current power capacity). Planning objections also restrict the spread of onshore wind. The only viable means of getting carbon off the grid, the committee suggests, is a mixture of sources: renewables, nuclear and carbon capture and storage.But those who oppose wind power can’t help themselves. In parliament earlier this month, Glyn Davies, the MP who is leading the fight against windfarms in mid-Wales, insisted that “Welsh windfarms have a load factor of just 19% – the lowest ever recorded” and that “the carbon impact of the development can never be compensated for by any possible carbon benefit”. Rubbish again. The capacity factor for Welsh wind (the amount the turbines produce as a proportion of their idealised output) is 26%.Professor Gareth Harrison of Edinburgh University estimates that the carbon payback time for the wind developments in mid-Wales will be roughly 12 months (all references on my website). Davies, like Jenkins, also claimed that “so much more” could have been done with the same money had it been spent on wave and tidal power, offshore wind and solar photovoltaics. Should MPs not be obliged to do some research before they open their mouths in parliament?Anti-wind campaigners are also highly selective. The Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales, obsessed by windfarms, says nothing about the opencast coalmines ripping south Wales apart. Nor do you hear a word about the destruction of the ecosystems of upland Wales (and England and Scotland) by sheep grazing. These champions of the countryside want to save it from only one threat.For all that, it’s a real one. While the windfarms themselves divide communities, everyone hates the new power lines required to connect them to the grid. Here in mid-Wales, I have yet to meet anyone who will speak up in favour of them. Because they have to march across so much countryside, their visual impact is greater per pound of investment than that of any other technology.Though you could see this issue coming as clearly as the pylons themselves, the green movement is completely unprepared. Greenpeace tells me “we haven’t done any work on pylons”. Hardly anyone seems to be aware of how perilous this situation is: how easily renewable energy could be killed by the power lines issue.This is about to become a national struggle, in which opponents of the new pylons will be cast as heroes. Promising direct action, reminding us of the great battles against the reservoirs supplying England, those who marched against the new lines in Wales last week will put us, unless we act quickly, in a dangerous position. Green activists will be outflanked by green activism. The same battle will then be fought all over the United Kingdom, wherever a new power line is planned.Many of the areas affected by proposals for new lines are either Tory constituencies or Lib Dem seats the Tories will hope to take (all of which are now contestable). It is hard to believe that the Conservative commitment to low-carbon energy could withstand a major rebellion within the party: Tory environmentalism is easily uprooted.The greens need to decide where they stand. The only position that makes sense to me is unequivocally to support the campaign against overhead lines. Where new powerlines are built they must go underground. If they can’t go underground, they shouldn’t be built. If we are not against pylons marching over stunning countryside, what are we for?But here too there’s a problem. Like the windfarms, overhead lines are favoured by the government because of its concern for cost. According to the National Grid, burying the lines connecting the turbines in mid-Wales to the rest of the system would cost 3.2 times as much as putting them on pylons (£562m vs £178m). But how much does that add to the cost of electricity?Calculating this is easy (there’s an explanation on my website) – as long as you know the capital costs of the whole project. But neither the National Grid nor anyone else I’ve spoken to is prepared to hazard a guess about the cost of the rest of the infrastructure, so I can’t yet tell you whether burying the power lines makes onshore wind here more expensive than competing technologies.In fact my efforts to obtain relevant data of all kinds from the government, the National Grid and the wind industry reveal that, like the environment movement, they are completely unprepared for this backlash. Dismayed by the collective failure to address the pylons issue, the campaign against windfarms now confidently tells the same story about this technology as others do about nuclear: the turbines are erected by big, greedy corporations; they are unfairly subsidised by the government; they will cause untold damage to human health. In view of the flack you get for supporting any power technology, I’m beginning to think it would be less controversial to argue in favour of blackouts.So this is where the United Kingdom stands. We cannot keep burning fossil fuels without cooking the biosphere. We don’t like nuclear power. We don’t like onshore wind. We won’t like the costs of the other technologies. We reject all the means by which electricity is generated. Yet no one is volunteering to stop using it.• A fully referenced version of this article can be found on George Monbiot’s website guardian.co.uk © Guardian News & Media Limited 2010Published via the Guardian News Feed plugin for WordPress.Thanks for subscribing to Andy Roberts blogSupport wind farms? It would be less controversial to argue for blackoutsRelated posts:Architects worried by tower blocks and windPbwiki supportWild parakeets seen as a threat in the UK
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Support wind farms? It would be less controversial to argue for blackouts
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May 30 2011, 5:41pm | Comments »
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Talk About Local Unconference 2011 gets under way in Cardiff
Tweets and news from the first Talk About Local unconference to take place in Cardiff, Wales – looking at issues around local publishing 2011
This article titled “Talk About Local Unconference 2011 gets under way in Cardiff” was written by Hannah Waldram, for guardian.co.uk on Saturday 2nd April 2011 13.53 UTC Community publishers met in Cardiff today to talk about issues surrounding promoting your local area online. The first Talk About Local Unconference to take place in Wales, roughly 80 people met at the Atrium in Adamsdown for a day of tea, coffee, tweeting and sessions on all issues which affect local bloggers. Sessions, organised ad hoc in an ‘unconference’ style, looked at hyperlocal bloggers and councils, elections, law, issues around content, making money and supporting each other in a community were all discussed throughout the day. Attendees included Twitterers, bloggers, web publishers, photographers and anyone with an interest in producing content online about a place important to them – travelling from Edinburgh, Leeds, Isle of Wight, London and across the UK. Session topics were pitched and then posted onto a day schedule to run throughout the day. Networking and chatting among hyperlocal publishers will continue into the evening at Gwdihw Cafe Bar. The event was supported by Guardian Local and Rightmove. We’ve been tweeting from the event today along with others on Twitter using the hashtag #TAL11. Scroll down this Storify to follow tweets from the beginning of the day. Also see this live blog from Talk About Local here. If you went to the unconference or have any comments about it – feel free to leave them in the comment box below.
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April 2 2011, 3:00pm | Comments »
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Spain’s financial crisis claims another victim: the solar power industry
The Spanish government has slashed its solar power subsidies because of the financial crisis.
This article titled “Spain’s financial crisis claims another victim: the solar power industry” was written by Tim Webb in Madrid, for The Guardian on Wednesday 30th March 2011 17.37 UTC Spain had one of the world’s most ambitious – and generous – plans to boost the amount of electricity it generates from the sun. That dream, for the solar industry at least, has turned sour. Just days before Christmas, the government slashed the level of subsidies that all new and existing photovoltaic (pv) solar projects will receive. But even the powerful utility companies, who opposed the solar industry, are now warning that the fallout could be long-lasting and reach far beyond the energy sector. The row has pitted the renewable lobby against Spain’s three biggest utilities – Iberdrola, Endesa and Gas Natural – which have been urging the government to take action to stem the wave of subsidised renewable projects being built, particularly solar ones. Carlos Salle, Iberdrola’s director for regulation, told the Guardian that divisions between the renewable lobby and the rest of the energy industry are even deeper in Spain than elsewhere as a result. “We have more controversy here in Spain with renewables against non-renewables … this is an aspect of our system – it provokes problems.” Another Madrid-based businessman, from one of Spain’s leading companies, was franker, likening relations, only half-jokingly, as a “war”. The Asociación de la Industria Fotovoltaica (Asif), Spain’s solar industry body, accuses politicians of telling lies, exaggerating the costs of generating electricity using solar pv to justify the cut in subsidies. It is more than just bragging rights between rival generators at stake. The solar pv industry alone received subsidies last year of €2.6bn (£2.28bn), a sum neither the country – nor the utilities – can afford. The utilities have paid out €20bn to subsidise solar and wind projects, and are still waiting for the government to pay them back. Credit rating agencies threatened to downgrade the companies if something was not done to address the “tariff deficit”. Salle recalled: “The situation was horrible a year ago – €20bn for three companies was an amount comparable to an entire budget for some countries.” The utilities also complain that their coal and gas plants, which the government wanted them to build a decade ago after several black-outs, are losing money because they are now only needed for half the time. But the Spanish regulator forces the firms to keep them on standby for times when the wind stops blowing or at night when solar does not generate. Asif argues that solar projects, which last summer provided a maximum of 4% of the country’s electricity, have been sacrificed to keep profits from dirty coal and gas plants high. The solar industry had enjoyed phenomenal growth due to a subsidy regime which, even Asif admits, was too generous. Companies were able to cut costs too quickly – 70% since the original subsidies were introduced in 2004. Investors poured in and about two-thirds of the current capacity was installed in 2008 alone, before a planned tariff cut came into force the following year. This has left Spain with 10 times the amount of solar pv capacity the government had planned for by 2010 – and a much bigger bill than it had envisioned. Javier Anta, Asif’s president, said that the industry will challenge the cut in the courts, but admitted that this would take years, by which time many solar project owners could have gone to the wall. He added that some investors will not back new projects because they fear the tariff could be cut again retrospectively. “There are some people who say this is not a one-off. They do not trust the government,” he said. This is one point on which both the renewable lobby and the power industry agree: by taking the unprecedented step of retrospectively cutting subsidies promised to projects which have already been built, the government risks scaring off investors of all kinds. Salle says that “even if we recognise that the situation is better than a month or a year ago, the problem is [a lack of] confidence. The uncertainty and [risk] premium does not apply only to that sector [solar pv] but to the whole industry and the rest of the country in some cases. Everyone appreciates the relevance of having regulation which does not make any retroactive decisions because you will have to attract new people [to invest]. The new people will say ‘hey, in the history of this country and this sector these people who have been new in the past and have invested, the government has changed the rules’.” Reflecting change Abengoa, a Spanish engineering firm celebrating its 70th year, is pushing ahead with solar-thermal projects. Unlike the schemes involving reflectors heating a salt water mixture running through pipes, Abengoa has developed towers of pipes that look like mini skyscrapers. It employs 23,000 workers in its solar unit, which had a turnover of more than €3bn (£2.6bn). The firm has conducted sustainability audits of its business for several years and says projects that can’t meet sustainability criteria are modified or abandoned. Controversially, it has championed the refining of biofuels, something anti-poverty campaigners have cited as denying food sources to poor people in the developing world. Carlos Bousoño, director of corporate social responsibility, said the debate had moved on after technology allowed for seeds and fruit to be separated from plants before processing. He said only the stalk and waste material was used in second generation biofuels fermentation, allowing corn, soya or other foodstuff to be saved for making food.
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April 1 2011, 9:35am | Comments »
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Aggregators: if we can’t beat them, let’s join them
http://distributedresearch.net/blog/2011/03/28/aggregators-if-we-cant-beat-them-letsjoin-them
Arianna Huffington’s sale of her website The Huffington Post to AOL shows there’s still money to be made from content aggregators if you know what you’re doing.
This article titled “Aggregators: if we can’t beat them, let’s join them” was written by Dan Sabbagh, for The Guardian on Monday 28th March 2011 06.00 UTC Arianna Huffington’s sale of the website that bears her name has not been without controversy; there are plenty who say she made a fortune from the sale to AOL on the back of aggregating other people’s content and exploiting bloggers who contributed for no pay and none of the highly rated equity. It is easy, of course, to argue that it isn’t fair, and, in addition, that life isn’t fair either. But it is also worth bearing in mind that this is the nature of the internet too. Facebook, for example, isn’t offering to share the advertising revenue it generates with the half a billion people who supply profiles (although come to think of it, income from one’s own site might be somewhat disappointing). Why should it? The skill is corralling so many people in one place, not in writing a Facebook profile. Whatever next? ITV paying viewers to watch the final of Dancing on Ice so they can get more advertising revenue? It’s not like there is any skill in watching telly after all. Meanwhile, the open nature of so much web content means that traditional boundaries of authorial ownership – they’re my words not yours – have been pretty much erased. It’s so easy, for example, to scrape a blog’s RSS feed and post the headline and teaser on another site. Newspapers, meanwhile, cheerfully copy tweets wholesale (one of mine on the merits of Rebecca Ferguson once made the Sunday Mirror) – while in the era of the live blog it has become not just possible, but increasingly common for media organisations to cite tweets from reporters employed by rivals. Think about it like that for a second and the scenario looks scary if you are part of an established news organisation – there is nothing to stop two blokes in a bedroom with BBC News and al-Jazeera on, and a fast eye for what else is popping up online, from coming up with their own “Libya live blog”. On this thinking, all that is preventing professional news sites being ripped off is copyright law, which is meant to stop other people copying and pasting sizeable quantities of text. Mind you, there are plenty of celebrity news sites that come perilously close to nicking whatever they see in the morning’s tabloids and running it as their own. Huffington – visiting the Guardian last week – also argued that there is a distinction to be made between professional journalists and bloggers. This isn’t necessarily a distinction of quality (because there are so many good bloggers out there) – rather the difference is between those who are paid to report professionally, and bloggers who are not. A handful of bloggers, of course, generate enough money to make the jump into full-time writing, but most can’t. Which is also the other reason why there aren’t two blokes in every third bedroom running their own Libya live blog – there isn’t enough money for a regular supply of biscuits and whatever else daily life requires. In truth, come to think of it, even those who write for traditional newspapers wouldn’t be able to make a living on the pay-per-click model. As Matt Wells notes in the cover feature, live blogs with no single author account for 9% of traffic to guardian.co.uk in March. The hit-driven nature of internet content means that a handful of stories and subjects dominate rankings, and by implication dominate online revenues. Paying writers on the basis of the traffic they get would turn a newspaper into a record company, where a handful of the artists are rich, and the rest become social workers in three years’ time. Aggregation, in short, is necessary to survive all round. Before the internet, there were generations of newspaper interviewees who were never paid for their contribution. Now the game is different – about providing destinations for people to share and discover news and content. And if Arianna Huffington was good at that, then it is wise not to complain, but probably to try and copy her.
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March 28 2011, 5:01am | Comments »
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While you were sleeping.. Australians end long wait for iPad 2
Australians have been queueing up for the Apple iPad 2 for just as long as Britons – almost two days – and the numbers in the line built up to more than 300 in many locations
This article titled “While you were sleeping.. Australians end long wait for iPad 2″ was written by Charles Arthur, for guardian.co.uk on Friday 25th March 2011 06.29 UTC While you were sleeping, the iPad 2 went on sale in Australia, and it seems to have drawn a lot of attention. This was the queue at 0704am this morning in Sydney…
Photo by BeauGiles on Flickr. Some rights reserved …and this was the queue by sale time at 5pm:
Photo by BeauGiles on Flickr. Some rights reserved (Thanks to Beau Giles in Sydney who took a whole set of pictures through the night. People had been queueing outside the Sydney Apple store for almost two days: some told World News Australia that it’s all about meeting people: Canadian backpacker Alex Lee arrived in Sydney on Wednesday to be first in line to buy Apple’s iPad 2 and has theorised on the phenomenon. “I call it the 90/10 rule for Apple – 90 per cent is about the people, the experience and just the whole feeling and 10 per cent is about the product itself,” the IT consultant said. CNet Australia says there were around 300 people queueing at the Brisbane story in Chermside and that they had started at around 5.30am that morning. Large queues were also seen in Hobart. And lest you think it’s only a game for the whippersnappers, the Australian newspapers found Sally Johnson, aged 73, who “may be hot and tired, but that hasn’t deterred her from queueing…” (It’s not the heat of summer in Sydney – it’s just turning to autumn. Which is still hot compared to the UK, of course.) Johnson has recently emigrated from Nottingham. She was roughly 250th in line. And why was she there? “Queuing for her son Mark, who was at work.”
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March 25 2011, 7:43am | Comments »
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Fukushima fallout: the risks to health
http://distributedresearch.net/blog/2011/03/15/fukushima-fallout-the-risks-to-health
The radioactive elements Caesium-137 and iodine-131, which increase the risk of cancer, are the main threats to those in the area around the Fukushima nuclear power station
This article titled “Fukushima fallout: the risks to health” was written by Ian Sample, for The Guardian on Tuesday 15th March 2011 20.30 UTC Radiation is being carried into the area around Fukushima by a mixture of radioactive products. The two main threats to human health come from caesium-137 and iodine-131. Caesium-137 can cause burns, acute radiation sickness and even death at high doses. It can contaminate food and water and, if ingested, gets distributed around the body, where it builds up in soft tissues, such as muscles. It has a half-life of about 30 years, meaning it takes that long for its radioactivity to fall by half. Over time, it is expelled from the body in urine. Iodine-131, if inhaled or swallowed, will concentrate in the thyroid gland where it can accumulate and cause cancer within a few years. Low doses can reduce the activity of the gland, and make it produce lower levels of hormones. The threat is more serious in children, who have more active thyroids. Officials have distributed potassium iodide pills to people in the exclusion zone around the plant as a prophylactic.; the pills saturate the thyroid with normal iodine, so it cannot absorb as much of the radioactive form. Iodine-131 has a half-life of only eight days, and so decays much more quickly than caesium-137.
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March 15 2011, 3:35pm | Comments »
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A global industry: the big picture
http://distributedresearch.net/blog/2011/03/12/a-global-industry-the-big-picture
An in depth review of the world market for battery powered cars.
This article titled “A global industry: the big picture” was written by Adam Vaughan, Ben Lane and Katy Stoddard, for guardian.co.uk on Saturday 12th March 2011 00.07 UTC Over the next few years, more and more electric cars are expected to be seen on our roads as consumers take advantage of government grants to promote the vehicles and cheaper models being released by manufacturers. However, this is not just a UK initiative, countries all over the world are introducing infrastructure and subsidies to promote these environmentally friendly vehicles. But what is the current state of the electric car industry and how big is it actually going to become? Here, we take a comprehensive look at what is going on in the world of electric cars, from the models coming on to the market in 2011 to futuristic concept cars; from information about what countries taking a lead on battery-operated transport are doing, to sales targets, as predicted by the OECD and the International Energy Agency in a recent report. Available in the UK in 2011 and 2012 Reva G-Wiz i Electric Londoners will already be familiar with the G-Wiz, which is popular in the capital as it is exempt from the congestion charge. Its 13 kW motor gives a top speed of 50 mph and a 10 kWh battery provides a range of almost 50 miles. As a “quadricycle” it does not qualify for a government grant – but still gets the full congestion charge discount. Available now, price: from £9,995. Smart fortwo ed As a two-seater, the fortwo makes an ideal electric city-car. With a 30 kW motor, the fortwo is capable of 0-38 mph in 6.5 seconds and is speed limited to 62 mph. The 16 kWh lithium-ion battery takes 8 hours to slow-charge, which lasts for 80 miles. On limited lease in 2011, with full roll-out in 2012. Renault Twizy With its tandem-style seats and catchy looks, the two-seater Twizy “quadricycle” is something different. A 15 kW version with a top speed of 46 mph and a range of 60 miles is planned for release in the UK. Available for 2012 delivery – expected price: £7,000 plus £40 a month battery lease. Mitsubishi i-MiEV The i-MiEV’s 47 kW motor rear-wheel drive gives a top speed of 80 mph, and the 16 kWh lithium-ion battery provides a 90-mile range. Recharge times ranges from 7 hours using a normal domestic supply to 30 minutes to hit 80% capacity with a special rapid charging point. Price including grant: £23,990. Peugeot iOn Electric The iOn forms part of Peugeot’s innovative “Mu” mobility short-term rental service (membership required). While the iOn is an ideal city runabout, it can also keep up with the fastest motorway traffic. Available now on lease: £415+VAT/month including battery, servicing and warranty. Citroen C-Zero Electric You are likely to first experience the C-Zero in a rental setting as part of the Europcar fleet. On-board innovations include “regen braking”, which extends the drivable range. Available now on lease: £415/month including battery, servicing and warranty. Tata Indica Vista EV The Vista is the first EV from Indian car maker Tata – and will be built in the West Midlands. The 26 kWh of lithium-ion batteries provide a 100-plus mile range, and the 50 kW motor gives a top speed of 70mph. On trial in 2011, the Vista EV will be launched in 2012. Renault Zoe The Zoe is a Clio-sized car designed primarily for city use. Powered by a 60 kW (80 bhp) motor, range will be about 100 miles. Three charging options are planned: domestic charge using 13A socket (6-8 hours), rapid charge (80% in 30 minutes) or “quick-drop” (battery exchange). Available 2012 – £14,500 (after grant) plus £70 a month battery lease. Nissan Leaf Electric As European Car of the Year 2011, and oozing with quality, the Leaf is the first purpose-built, electric hatch. With 24 kWh of lithium-ion batteries, the Leaf has a range of about 100 miles. While most owners will charge at home overnight, a 30-minutes charge to 80% capacity is possible using a rapid charger. Tesla Roadster Electric With the Roadster, Tesla changed the game, and with it the fortunes for the electric car. Based on the Lotus Elise, the Roadster has the most impressive performance of any EV: 248 bhp (185 kW) motor; top speed 130 mph; 0-60 in 4 seconds; and a range of over 200 miles. Available now at £87,000. Renault Fluence ZE The Fluence ZE will be the largest car in Renault’s forthcoming EV range. The 70 kW motor will give an electronically-limited top speed of 84 mph, and the 22 kWh lithium-ion batteries will propel the vehicle for 100 miles. Available 2012. Expected price: £22,000, plus £70 a month battery lease. Renault Kangoo Van ZE The Kangoo Van ZE has the same carrying capacity and payload as the conventional Kangoo van. Its 44 kW motor and 22 kWh battery provide the ZE with a top speed of 80 mph and a 100 mile range. Available autumn 2011 – price: £16,990+VAT with £59 a month battery lease. Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid Following the success of the Prius hybrid, Toyota has developed a “plug-in” version, which can be recharged using electricity as well as refuelled conventionally. The 5.2 kWh lithium-ion battery provides an electric range of 12.5 miles, after which the car returns to hybrid mode. Vauxhall Ampera The Ampera is the first plug-in electric car of its kind – in addition to the 30-40 mile electric range provided by the 16 kWh lithium-ion battery, a small 1.4 litre petrol engine is used as an on-board generator to provide an additional 310 miles of use. Electric cars – what we could be driving in the future The latest concept cars are exploring the mobility needs of the future. With road space a premium, the car of the future may be smaller than you think. One such model is Kia’s city-car concept, the Pop. While similar in size to Toyota’s iQ, it seats two at the front with room for a third on the diagonal in the rear. Smaller still is the Peugeot BB1 and the Toyota FT-EV II, designed for urban use but with room for four. These concepts also experiment with “butterfly”, sliding or reverse opening doors to make access easier in a tight spot. More radical is Nissan’s Pivo 2. All four wheels are able to rotate allowing it to drive in any direction. Parking becomes a breeze as the wheels simply rotate through 90 degrees, enabling it to move sideways into the space. The cabin also rotates allowing the three passengers access from any direction through the Pivo’s single door. Smaller again is Nissan’s “Zero emission mobility concept”, a two-person, emission-free vehicle for urban journeys. Similarly, Honda has designed the 3R-C, a one-person, three-wheeled battery electric vehicle, which draws on their expertise in electric motors. As a vision of future urban transport, General Motors has developed the EV-N, a two-seater that uses Segway’s gyroscopic technology to enable the vehicle to stand on just two wheels, enabling it to complete a full circle on the spot. As part of this philosophy, expect to see more “thin cars”, which use a tandem-style seating pattern. The Renault Twizy, for example, which was featured at this year’s Geneva Motor Show, is an average 30cm thinner than the typical micro city car, with a turning circle of just 3.4 metres. Like the Lumeneo Smera it tilts like a motorcycle when cornering, and could do for traffic jams what the Smart Fortwo did for parking when launched in 1998 – less could certainly be more. Predicted global sales of electric vehicles To reach 2050 CO2 reduction targets, sales of electric vehicles must rise rapidly. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has released figures that show how this growth can be realised when global sales spread to non-OECD regions. 2020 7m 2030 30m 2040 70m 2050 100m
guardian.co.uk © Guardian News & Media Limited 2010 Published via the Guardian News Feed plugin for WordPress.
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